The Vietnamese government recently promulgated Decree 13/2023/ND-CP on the protection of personal data (VPDP Decree), which takes effect on 1 July 2023. VPDP Decree is the primary legislation governing personal data protection in Vietnam, applying to both domestic and overseas entities directly involved in or related to ...

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Vietnam surface water system includes all of the water in rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, and wetlands, as well as the ocean, in which river water resources are the most important that are widely used in livelihood and production. River near Sa Pa, Vietnam, a frontier town and ...

Customary and Communal Land PracticesCustomary practices of land use are established patterns of behavior that are locally recognized in rules and customs, either oral or written 38. Unlike national laws and policies, customary practices (sometimes called “customary law”) are developed and adapted over time by ...

Investment in public infrastructure has been one of the key driving forces for Vietnam’s economic development over recent decades. Infrastructure accounted for 53% of total Official Development Assistance (ODA) received between 2010-2017.76Vietnam has heavily invested in transportation, particularly roads, airports, and seaports. Vietnam’s public and ...

Water resources in Vietnam are quite diverse, comprising both natural and artificial water bodies. The countries water resources are under increasing pressure from over-exploitation due to increased irrigation demand, urban and industrial development, as well as concentrated areas of increasing population. 136 Ensuring national water security is ...

Vietnam’s economic transformation over the last three decades has been a remarkable success story. The country has gone from one of the poorest in the world to a thriving lower middle-income economy, thanks to comprehensive economic reforms and rapid structural transformation from an agriculture-based economy ...

International aid plays a significant but decreasing role in Vietnam’s national expenditure. For example in 2013, official development assistance (ODA) as a percentage of the national budget had decreased to 11.2% from 25.4% in 2003.206 The nature of development assistance has changed a lot over ...

IntroductionVietnam is considered a multi-ethnic country, made up of 54 ethnic groups. The Kinh ethnic group makes up 85.4% of Vietnam’s population, or 78.32 million people. The remaining 53 ethnic groups make up only 14.6% of the country’s population (see Table 1).268Although Vietnam voted in ...